Free access to all five chapters, the benchmark scorecard and all 23 verified sources.
In England and Wales, charities with an income over £500,000 that mainly make grants gave £12.61 billion in their latest filed year, mostly 2025. Most close their year in December or March. Among all charities of that size, the 100 largest givers account for 67.2% of grants to institutions. In 2026, one in four UK and Irish programmes Optimy could see still starts with email, a document or an enquiry.

In England and Wales, charities with income over £500,000 that spend at least half on grants to institutions gave £12.61 billion.6 Figures cover the latest filed year, mostly 2025.6 The group includes intermediaries such as donor-advised funds and excludes trusts below that income level.6
In England and Wales, charities with income over £500,000 reported grants to institutions in their latest filed year.6 The 100 largest givers account for 67.2% of that value.6 They include intermediaries such as donor-advised funds.6 Compare your foundation with funders of your own size.
Among predominantly grant-making charities in England and Wales with an income over £500,000, 32.2% close their financial year in December and 31.5% in March.6 The year-end then fixes the filing deadline, ten months later in England and Wales.12
Optimy could see the application route of 221 UK and Irish programmes in 2026.23 Of those, 25.3% still start with email, a document or an enquiry, not an online form.23 Each of those routes adds manual work before review can begin.
UK trusts and foundations gave £8,422.0m in 2024-25.2 For organisations with data in both years, giving rose 2%, which UKGrantmaking describes as a slight decline after inflation.2 Without the Wellcome Trust, grant-making was 5% higher.2
Of UK grants published by foundations and other funders under the 360Giving Data Standard for 2024-25, less than 2% exceeded £1m.4 Yet they made up over half the amount granted.4 The median published grant was £19,635, a better yardstick than totals for a typical award.4
Philea, citing 2021 Benefacts data, reports 159 Irish foundations with estimated expenditure of €80m a year and no asset details.11 The Charities Regulator's end-of-2025 count of 11,466 is newer but covers all charities, not only grant-makers.10 This report keeps Irish figures apart from UK totals.
According to ICAS, the revised Charities SORP, the recommended practice for charity accounts, is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2026.16 For a December year-end, the first SORP 2026 accounts cover calendar 2026.
Chapter 1
UKGrantmaking 2026, the sector study produced by 360Giving with the Association of Charitable Foundations (ACF) and other partners, counts over 14,000 UK grant-makers of all kinds.1 Together they gave £24 billion in 2024-25, a 4% rise that is slightly above inflation.1 The study describes 2024-25, not 2026: UK charities have nine or ten months after their year-end to file their accounts, so each year's full figures arrive well after it ends.12,13
That total covers government, National Lottery distributors, donor-advised funds and charities as well as foundations.1 Within it, trusts and foundations excluding the Wellcome Trust remain the largest category, and their grants grew by 5% to £7.4bn.1 With Wellcome included, the picture is less positive, as the next section shows.
£24bn
given by over 14,000 UK grant-makers in 2024-25
£8,422m
given by UK trusts and foundations in 2024-25
£7.4bn
given by trusts and foundations excluding Wellcome in 2024-25
13,438
UK trusts and foundations counted by UKGrantmaking for 2024-25
UKGrantmaking counted 13,438 trusts and foundations in 2024-25, with grant spending of £8,422.0m, against £8,304.7m in 2023-24 and £7,199.4m in 2022-23.2 The 2% rise on the year before, measured only for organisations with data in both years, was a slight decline once inflation is taken into account.2 That fall came largely from the Wellcome Trust, whose grant-making declined; excluding Wellcome, grant-making was 5% higher than the previous year.2
Underneath the headline, the largest funders grew in cash terms. The largest 300 trusts and foundations distributed over £6.1bn in grants in 2024-25, 4% more than the year before and 18% more than in 2022-23.2 Wellcome alone gave £1,043.1m in 2024-25, so a change at a single funder can move the national total.2
The Charity Commission register for England and Wales gives a second view, drawn from the regulator's own data. Optimy's analysis of the full register extract of 21 October 2026 finds 171,927 registered charities, of which 49,116 (28.6%) say they make grants to organisations.6 Only 2,777 of those have an income of £1 million or more.6
Financial figures on the register come from each charity's latest filed accounts. Because charities in England and Wales have ten months after their year-end to file, most of those years ended in 2025.6,12
Measured by spending, the count is far smaller, because grants to institutions are reported only by charities with an income over £500,000.6 Of those, 1,639 spend at least half of their expenditure on grants to institutions, and they gave £12.61 billion in their latest filed year.6 The group includes intermediaries such as donor-advised funds and leaves out every trust below that income level.6
UKGrantmaking's count of the register in April 2026 found 21,461 charities that record grant-making as their main way of carrying out their purposes.5 The 21,461 and the 1,639 cover different charities and answer different questions: what charities say they do, and where larger charities' money goes. Likewise, the £12.61 billion and UKGrantmaking's £8,422.0m for UK trusts and foundations use different sources and definitions, so they are not directly comparable.2,6
The Association of Charitable Foundations describes UK trusts and foundations as collectively holding £89 billion in assets and giving over £8bn a year.7 That description is undated and comes from ACF's profile in a report published in October 2025, so it is a guide, not a measured total.7 UKGrantmaking's key findings state that endowment levels have remained relatively flat over the past five years, representing a decline in real terms since 2020-21.1
If your foundation grants from an endowment, plan budgets on the basis that the endowment may not grow in real terms, and check what each grant costs to run.
Ireland's foundation sector is much less measured. During 2025, 212 new charities registered with the Charities Regulator, bringing the number of charities in Ireland to 11,466 at the end of the year.10 That count covers charities of all kinds, not only grant-makers.
For foundations, Philea, the Philanthropy Europe Association, cites 2021 data from Benefacts showing 159 Irish foundations with an estimated expenditure of €80m a year, with no asset figures.11 Those are 2021 figures in euros from a different source, so this edition keeps them apart from UK totals.
Takeaway: judge your foundation's growth in real terms, not cash. For UK trusts and foundations with data in both years, a 2% cash rise in 2024-25 was a slight fall after inflation. A flat budget is a real-terms cut. In Ireland, where national data is thin, build a baseline from your annual reports.
Chapter 2
Behind those national totals, grant-making in England and Wales rests on a small number of very large funders. On the Charity Commission register, in each charity's latest filed year, the 10 largest givers account for 31.8% of grants to institutions, and the largest 100 for 67.2%.6 The leaders include intermediaries such as donor-advised funds and the Charities Aid Foundation, which pass on donors' money, and other large charities that also give grants.6
Both shares are of the £15.64 billion of grants to institutions that 4,012 charities with an income over £500,000 reported in their latest filed year.6 Of that total, the 1,639 mainly grant-making charities gave £12.61 billion.6 In all, 1,232 charities gave £1 million or more in grants to institutions, so a foundation giving at that level belongs to a small group of funders.6
31.8%
of grant value to institutions from the largest 10, England and Wales
67.2%
of grant value to institutions from the largest 100, England and Wales
73%
of UK foundation giving from the largest 300, 2024-25
91%
of UK family foundation giving from the largest 100, 2024-25
UKGrantmaking finds the same pattern across the whole UK. The largest 300 trusts and foundations accounted for 73% of trusts and foundations' total grant-making in 2024-25.2 Among the 333 family foundations in the study, the 100 largest represent 91% of the group's estimated grant-making.2
General foundations are the largest group by number. There are over 10,000 of them, most of them very small, and the 100 largest represent 45% of the segment's grant-making.2 So if your foundation is small, compare it with the thousands of similar funders, not with the national leaders that dominate the totals.
Within the UK total for 2024-25, UKGrantmaking reports these three blocks separately, and one of them is a single funder, the Wellcome Trust.2
ACF's Foundations in Focus 2025, which covers 2023-24, also shows family foundations as a large share of the biggest funders' giving. Excluding Wellcome, 84 family foundations contributed 31% of the value of grants made by the largest 300 foundations in 2023-24.8
The money is concentrated on the receiving side too. UKGrantmaking analyses grants that UK funders, foundations among them, publish under the 360Giving Data Standard, an open data format for publishing grants.4 In its 2024-25 data, less than 2% of grants were for over £1m, yet these accounted for over half of the amount granted.4
Registered charities received 48% of grants and 40% of the total amount, while universities or their research departments received 18% of grants but a third of the money.4 The median published grant rose from £13,194 in 2023-24 to £19,635 in 2024-25, reflecting the National Lottery Community Fund raising its Awards for All maximum.4
So a typical published grant is modest, while a few very large awards carry over half of the value. When you compare your own grant sizes, use the median, and note that one large funder can move it.
For Ireland, a Philea opinion piece by Oonagh Breen of University College Dublin (September 2025), citing Breen et al., Philanthropy in Ireland, lists these types of philanthropic entity.11
The article states a total that does not match these categories, so read them as a profile of the Irish sector rather than a full count.11
Takeaway: compare your foundation with funders of your own size, not the national leaders. In England and Wales the largest 100 gave 67.2% of the value of grants to institutions in their latest filed year. Register totals mostly describe them. Your benchmark is your own band, from under £100k to over £100m a year.
Chapter 3
After size comes timing, and most of the larger grant-making charities in England and Wales close their year in one of two months. Among the 1,639 charities with an income over £500,000 that mainly make grants, 32.2% close their financial year in December and 31.5% in March.6 April comes next at 11.5%.6 The year-end month then fixes when the accounts are due.
32.2%
of larger grant-makers in England and Wales close in December
31.5%
of larger grant-makers in England and Wales close in March
11.5%
close in April, the next most common month
10 months
to report after year-end in England and Wales
How long a charity has to file after its year-end depends on where it is registered. Charities registered in both England and Wales and Scotland face the shorter deadline, because OSCR, the Scottish Charity Regulator, still requires cross-border charities to submit within 9 months.13 The table below sets out the four regimes that matter to a UK or Irish foundation.
Put together, the year-end and the deadline set the calendar. A March year-end means filing by the end of January in England and Wales, and a December year-end by the end of October.12 In Scotland each deadline comes a month earlier.13 Plan grant rounds so that their busiest weeks do not fall in the same month as the accounts.
Because year-ends differ, any annual foundation figure combines several calendar periods. In ACF's Foundation Giving Trends 2022, which covers 2020-21 and was published in May 2023, the Top 300 foundations had year-ends ranging from February 2020 to December 2021.9 According to the same report, just under 60% had their year-end in 2021, and one third (33%) after March 2021.9
The register figures in this report work the same way, since they use each charity's latest filed year, mostly years ending in 2025. When you compare your foundation with them, compare your most recent full year with theirs, whatever month it ended.
Takeaway: plan your grant year backwards from your year-end and filing deadline. Most predominantly grant-making charities in England and Wales with income over £500,000 close in December (32.2%) or March (31.5%). They must then file within ten months, or nine if also registered in Scotland. Put round dates, trustee meetings and accounts in one calendar.
Chapter 4
After size and timing comes intake, because the way applications arrive shapes the work that follows, from eligibility checks to the final report. Optimy's research of funders' public websites between August and October 2026 found 221 UK and Irish grant, scholarship and award programmes whose application route was visible.23 Of those, 60.6% take applications through an online form or portal, while 25.3% still start with an email, a document or an enquiry.23
60.6%
take applications through an online form or portal
25.3%
start with email, a document or an enquiry
14.0%
work by invitation only
221
UK and Irish programmes with a visible route
By this measure, UK and Irish programmes are well behind those in the United States, and close to the European figure, which includes them. Across 704 US programmes in the same research, 74.0% take applications online, and across 351 European programmes the share is 63.8%.23 Each open route other than a form leaves staff to log and answer approaches by hand.
Company giving programmes are further behind. Optimy could see the request route of 548 company donation, sponsorship and community programmes across all markets, and only 34.5% of them use an online form.23 Another 29.6% ask for an enquiry first and 26.1% work by invitation only.23 In Europe, just 24.2% of 128 such programmes take requests online, against 63.8% of European grant, scholarship and award programmes.23
Staff numbers at the largest foundations rose. The largest 300 trusts and foundations reported 11,861 employees in 2024-25, up 5% on 2023-24 and 11% on 2022-23, while their grants rose 4% on 2023-24.2 If your foundation cannot add staff at that rate, look for capacity in how applications arrive.
Takeaway: 25.3% of UK and Irish programmes in Optimy's research still start with an email, a document or an enquiry. If yours does, move the first step into an online form with eligibility questions, and keep enquiries for the cases that need a conversation.
Chapter 5
Beyond intake, new work also comes from regulation. The rules that touch foundations in 2026-27 are mostly about reporting: what goes into the accounts, what the regulator asks and what the public can see. Several took effect in 2025 but still shape what foundations do in 2026 and 2027. Most of them ask for more information, and in Scotland more of it is now public.
£25k
first gross income level for extra return questions, England and Wales
12 months
transition for Companies House identity checks, from 18 November 2025
26 of 46
community foundations had published 2024-25 grants data by April 2026
28
grant-makers had published 2024-25 data on grants to individuals by April 2026
Under the changes OSCR announced, a foundation registered in Scotland has its trustee names on the register, and accounts it submits from 9 March 2026 are published in full.19 Applicants and peers can therefore read what those accounts say about its grants, so check what they say about grantees before you submit.
In Ireland, commentary in spring 2026 still described the timing of the rest of the 2024 Act as open, so plan for change without a fixed date.21
Open grants data is a matter of choice rather than rule, and take-up is still partial. By April 2026, 34 of the 46 accredited community foundations published their grants data using the 360Giving Data Standard, but only 26 had done so for 2024-25.5 By the same date, just 28 grant-makers had shared data on grants to individuals for 2024-25.4
Data quality is the other gap. According to UKGrantmaking's methodology page, 60% of grants in its data lacked duration information, although it says data quality has improved since the year before.5 Without a duration, a reader cannot tell a one-year grant from a multi-year grant of the same size, so support per year stays unknown.
Takeaway: check which reporting year SORP 2026 first applies to, and whether your records can answer the new annual return questions without manual work. If you publish open grants data, record every grant's duration, since UKGrantmaking found that 60% of grants in its data lacked it.
Scorecard
This scorecard turns the five chapters into nine questions about your own foundation, each set against a benchmark from this report. The rows follow the order of the chapters, so working down the table gives a plan, from budget and peers to calendar, intake, data and the 2026 rules. Give yourself one point for each row you can tick, then read the band that matches your score.
Optimy gives grant-making trusts and foundations one platform for the whole grant cycle, from a single online intake with eligibility screening to scored review, grant payments and impact reporting. Foundations and corporate foundations use it to run every programme the same way and to show what their grants achieve.
Every statistic in this report comes from the source named below, and each was checked again against that source in October 2026, before publication. Where a figure could only be partly confirmed, the sentence that uses it names its source and states the caveat. Figures are reported as published: we made no estimates and filled no gaps. Irish figures are labelled as Ireland throughout and are never added to UK totals, with one exception: the application-route research pools UK and Irish programmes (221 in all), and those figures are labelled UK and Ireland.
Register figures: the figures marked as Optimy analysis are Optimy analysis of the Charity Commission for England and Wales register of charities full extract of 21 October 2026, published under the Open Government Licence v3.0. They use each charity's latest filed financial year: charities have ten months after their year-end to file, so in the October 2026 extract most of those years ended in 2025. They cover England and Wales only, because Scotland and Northern Ireland keep separate registers. Grants to institutions come from Part B of the annual return, which charities with an income over £500,000 complete. Predominantly grant-making means spending at least half of total expenditure on grants to institutions, so the 1,639 predominantly grant-making charities all have an income over £500,000, include intermediaries such as donor-advised funds, and leave out smaller trusts. UKGrantmaking's count of 21,461 charities that record grant-making as their main activity covers the whole register and rests on what charities say about themselves, so the two counts differ in both coverage and definition. The concentration shares are shares of the grants to institutions reported by charities with an income over £500,000, and the largest givers include intermediaries such as donor-advised funds and the Charities Aid Foundation as well as other large charities.
Application routes: Optimy researched the public websites of the funders it studied between August and October 2026, and classified the application route of each grant, scholarship and award programme into one of four groups: an online form or portal; email, document or post; an enquiry first; or invitation only. The sample is Optimy's research list, not a random sample of all funders. Programmes whose route was not visible are excluded from the shares; across all markets, that applied to 1,438 of the 2,696 foundation programmes reviewed (53.3%). In the UK and Ireland, 219 of the 440 programmes reviewed (49.8%) showed no route, so the UK and Ireland figures rest on the 221 programmes with a visible route. A visible route is more likely to be an online form, so the online share may be higher than among all programmes. Company giving programmes (548 across all markets) are reported separately.
Optimy is the platform that grant-making trusts, foundations and companies use to run grant, sponsorship and volunteering programmes, from application to reporting. The organisation featured in chapter 4, the Veolia Environmental Trust, is an Optimy customer, and its description comes from the published Optimy customer story. optimy.com
© 2026 Optimy · You may quote this report with attribution ("Optimy, The State of Foundations 2026: United Kingdom and Ireland") and a link to the source page.